Overview

The first fetal ultrasound is generally done during the first trimester to confirm the pregnancy and assess gestational age. We also assess nuchal transcluency.
If the pregnancy remains uncomplicated, the next ultrasound is usually offered during the second trimester, when anatomic features are visible. If any problem is suspected, a follow-up ultrasound or extra imaging tests might be requested.
Fetal ultrasound images can help evaluate the baby’s growth and development and it is essential to monitor the pregnancy. In some cases, fetal ultrasound is used to evaluate possible problems or help confirm a diagnosis.

The second-trimester ultrasound is generally performed between 18 and 22 weeks of pregnancy to assess fetal anatomy, exclude abnormalities and confirm placental position.

If a patient has a risk factor for a chromosomal dissimilarity, aneuploidy markers can be evaluated by ultrasound. These “markers” are not anomalies but relatively raise alarm for a possible genetic difference. If no markers are seen, then the patient’s risk can be considered low. Indications for aneuploidy screening by ultrasound include but are not limited to: maternal age > 35, abnormal maternal serum screening, abnormal NIPT/ cell-free DNA screening, and increased nuchal thickness > 3-3.5 mm in the first trimester.

3D and 4D ultrasound imaging use sound waves to produce an image of the baby in the womb.

3D ultrasounds create a three-dimensional image of the baby, while 4D ultrasounds create a live video effect.

Fetal Echocardiography, or Fetal Echocardiogram, is the test used to diagnose cardiac conditions in the fetal stage. Cardiac defects are among the most common birth defects. Their diagnosis is significant in the fetal stage as it might help provide a treatment plan when the baby is born. Not all pregnancies need to undergo fetal echo. Particular maternal and fetal conditions would specify the need for this test.

A fetal growth assessment is normally performed in the late second and third trimester of pregnancy. The purpose of this checkup is to assess:

1. The fetal heart activity and rhythm
2. The fetal size and growth development
3. The volume of amniotic fluid around the fetus
4. The position of the placenta
5. The blood flow through the umbilical artery when specified
6. The activity of the fetus.
7. The length of the cervix
8. The presence of any uterine fibroids

The biophysical profile is an evaluation of fetal well-being. It is usually performed if a doctor or midwife suspects that a baby isn’t getting sufficient oxygen or if amniotic fluid levels in the womb are becoming very low.

The prenatal non-stress test is a technique used to test fetal wellbeing before the beginning of labor. Non-stress test functions in complete antepartum investigation with ultrasound as a part or factor of the biophysical profile.

A transvaginal ultrasound is also known as endovaginal ultrasound, is a secure procedure that doctors use to observe the internal organs in the pelvis. This ultrasound uses high-frequency waves to project detailed images of female internal organs.

Unprompted preterm delivery can be added to the list of pregnancy complications that can now be recognized by screening at 11–13 weeks of pregnancy.

Doppler and Blood flow studies may be used to evaluate the blood flow in the umbilical vein and arteries, fetal brain, fetal heart, and other organs.

A Doppler flow study is regularly used when a fetus is smaller than normal for his or her gestational age also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

The placenta plays an essential role in defining the health of the baby and mother. The health of the placenta can be evaluated by performing tests on mothers’ blood or urine to measure chemicals made by the placenta.

Maternal-Fetal consultation is required to preconception, pregnancy, birth, and newborn care to determine the types of services that are best suitable for the mother towards parenthood.

• Amniocentesis: A procedure performed during pregnancy to obtain amniotic fluid to test for chromosomal abnormalities and fetal contagions. The duration of the test is from 10 minutes to 15 minutes and the results are available within 15 to 20 days.
• Chorionic villus sampling CVS: Is a prenatal test in which a sample of chorionic villi is removed from the placenta for testing. The sample can be taken through the cervix (transcervical) or the abdominal wall (transabdominal).